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Dopaminergic Radiopharmaceutical Imaging in Parkinsonian Syndromes: From Molecular Targets to Clinical Decision-Making.

August 29, 2026pubmed logopapers

Authors

Jalloul W,Uritu CM,Jalloul D,Ghizdovat V,Vranceanu Ciobanu A,Tamba BI,Stefanescu C,Grierosu IC

Affiliations (4)

  • Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
  • Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, "St. Spiridon" County Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania.
  • Advanced Centre for Research and Development in Experimental Medicine "Prof. Ostin C. Mungiu", "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700259 Iasi, Romania.
  • Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Abstract

Parkinsonian syndromes comprise overlapping neurodegenerative and non-degenerative disorders, making aetiological diagnosis difficult, while existing procedural guidance does not fully integrate tracer-specific biology with clinical decision-making, multimodal strategies, and emerging quantitative and pathology-directed biomarkers. This review synthesises evidence on the molecular targets, radiopharmaceutical characteristics, biological interpretation, and clinical applications of dopaminergic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), focusing on the dopamine transporter (DAT), aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2), dopamine D<sub>2</sub>/D<sub>3</sub> receptors, differential diagnosis, semiquantification, kinetic modelling, and artificial intelligence-assisted interpretation. The evidence confirms that DAT SPECT with [<sup>123</sup>I]ioflupane ([<sup>123</sup>I]FP-CIT) remains the most established method for demonstrating or arguing against presynaptic nigrostriatal dysfunction, but an abnormal result cannot establish aetiology, and a normal result can redirect evaluation towards non-degenerative mimics; target-specific PET provides complementary biological information, although availability, standardisation, and prospective validation remain limiting. By additionally integrating genetic and prodromal applications, question-driven multimodal imaging, emerging acquisition approaches, α-synuclein imaging and seed amplification assays, and contemporary biological staging frameworks, this review extends procedural guidance and positions dopaminergic imaging as a targeted functional biomarker selected according to the unresolved clinical question rather than as a stand-alone disease label.

Topics

Journal ArticleReview

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