The Effect of Three-Dimensional Ocular Shape on Longitudinal Biometric Changes: A Six-Year Follow-Up Study.
Authors
Affiliations (8)
Affiliations (8)
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong.
Abstract
To investigate progression rates of ocular biometry in various ocular shapes using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI). Highly myopic participants (spherical power ≤ -6 diopters [D]) of the prospective cohort study underwent ocular biometry, cycloplegic refraction and MRI examinations. Ocular shapes were classified using 3D MRI as spheroidal, ellipsoidal, conical, nasally distorted, temporally distorted, or barrel shaped. Spheroidal and ellipsoidal shapes were further categorized into non-deformed forms and other shapes were deformed. Mixed-effects model was used to assess the association between the change rate of spherical equivalent (SE) and ocular biometry and ocular shape. Machine learning models were developed to predict annual AL and SE progression rates. A total of 150 eyes including 89 non-deformed eyes and 61 deformed eyes from 75 Participants (36 females [48.00%]) were followed up for 6.70 ± 2.66 years, with a mean age of 34.30 ± 13.43 years. Mean SE and axial length (AL) were -11.49 ± 3.76 D and 28.23 ± 1.72 mm. Eyes showed progressive myopic shift (-0.36 D/y; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.45 to -0.26) and axial elongation (0.07 mm/y; 95% CI, 0.06-0.08). Deformed ocular (61 eyes) exhibited faster SE progression (β = -0.20, P < 0.001) and AL elongation (β = 0.05, P < 0.001) compared with non-deformed shapes (89 eyes). For annual AL progression, the random forest model achieved the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) (0.067; 95% CI, 0.048-0.087). For annual SE progression, the XGBoost model outperformed other algorithms with the lowest RMSE (0.644; 95% CI, 0.192-1.248). Ocular shapes continue to progress in SE and AL, with deformed ocular demonstrating higher rates of SE and AL than non-deformed shapes. A 3D MRI-based ocular shape identifies highly myopic eyes at increased risk of rapid biometric progression.